The Qur'an gives a great impetus to the study of history with fairly, objectively and impartially.
Thus the tradition of Islamic science fully take inspiration from the Quran, so that Muslims can make a more systematic approach of writing the history of astronomical calendar basis.
The Qur'an does not go down at once.
Al-Quran down gradually over 22 years 2 months 22 days.
By the scholars divide the drop is divided into two periods, ie periods of Mecca and Medina period.
Mecca period lasted for 12 years of prophethood the Prophet Muhammad and the letters fall at this time Makkiyyah classified letter.
While the Medina period that began since the move took place for 10 years and the ones down at this period was called the letter Madaniyah.
Writing (recording in text form) of the Qur'an has been started since the time of the Prophet Muhammad.
Then the transformation to text that found today completed at the time of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan.
The collection of the Qur'an in the Rasullulah SAW
At a time when the Prophet was alive, there are some people who are appointed to write the Qur'an that Zaid bin Thabit, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan and Ubay ibn Ka'b.
Another friend who also often wrote down the revelation, though not mandatory.
Media are used when writing in the form of palm bark, stone slabs, palm leaves, bark or leaves of wood, saddles, bits of animal bones.
In addition, many are also friends instantly memorize the verses of the Quran after the revelation was revealed.
The collection of the Qur'an in the first four caliphs
In the reign of Abu Bakr
During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, there are some battles (in the wars known as the war Ridda) which resulted in the deaths several penghafal Quran in significant numbers.
Umar bin Khattab who was feeling very worried about the situation and then asked Abu Bakr to collect the entire text of the Qur'an which was scattered among the companions.
Abu Bakr then ordered Zaid bin Thabit as coordinator of the Implementation task.
Once the job is completed and the Qur'an are neatly arranged in a single copy of, the results are handed over to Abu Bakr.
Abu Bakr save it until the death of Manuscripts Manuscripts are then passed to the Caliph Umar as his successor, the next copy of which is held by his son and wife Hafsa Prophet Muhammad.
In the reign of Uthman ibn Affan
In the reign of the 3rd caliph Uthman ibn Affan ie, there is diversity in the way of reading the Qur'an (qira'at) caused by the differences in dialect (lahjah) between tribes from different regions.
This raises fears of 'Uthman, so he took measures to make a copy of the standard (copy Manuscripts held Hafsa), written with a kind of writing standard.
Those standards, which was then known as a way of writing (rasam) Ottomans used to date.
Along with this standardization, all with different standards Manuscripts produced was ordered to be destroyed (burned).
With this process Uthman succeeded in preventing latent disputes between Muslims in the future in writing and reading the Quran.
Citing a history of Ibn Abi Dawud Hadith in Al-Mashahif, with a saheeh isnaad:
Suwaid bin ghaflah said, "Ali says: Say all that is good about Uthman.
By Allah, what he had done on the Quran Manuscripts-Manuscripts are approved by us.
Uthman said, 'What do you think about this qira'at issue?
I got the news that some of them say that qira'atnya qira'at better than others.
It almost becomes a kufr '.
We said, 'What do you think? "
He replied, 'I argue that people unite in a single copy of, so it does not happen again discord and strife. "
We said, 'Your opinions are very good'. "
According to Sheikh Manna 'al-Qaththan in Mahabits fi' Ulum al-Qur'an, this statement shows that what Uthman had been agreed upon by the Companions.
So then Uthman sent messengers to Hafsa to borrow a copy of Abu Bakr at his disposal.
Then Uthman called Zaid bin Thabit Al-Ansari and three people of Quraish, namely Abdullah bin Az-Zubair, Said bin Al-As and Abdur-Rahman bin Al-Harith bin Hisham.
He ordered them to copy and reproduce Manuscripts, and if there is a difference between Zaid with the three people of Quraish is, should be written in the language of Quraish as the Qur'an down in the dialect of their language.
After returning the original sheets to Hafsa, she sent seven Manuscripts, that is to Mecca, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Basra, Kufa, and a detained in Medina (Manuscripts of al-Imam).
Efforts to determine the content and purpose of the Qur'an has resulted in the process of translation (literal) and interpretation (deeper, peeling meanings) in various languages.
However, results of operations are considered to be limited to human efforts and not attempt to duplicate or replace the original text in Arabic.
Position the resulting translations and interpretations are not the same as the Qur'an itself.
Translation
Translation of the Qur'an is the literal translation of results of operations of the Qur'anic text which is not accompanied by any further interpretation effort.
Literal translation should not be regarded as the true meaning of the Qur'an.
Because the Qur'an uses a lafazh with a variety of styles and for a purpose that varies;
sometimes for intrinsic meaning, sometimes also for the meaning majazi (figuratively) or other meaning and intent.
Commentary
Efforts interpretation of the Qur'an has been growing since the Prophet Muhammad during his lifetime, then the companions of the Prophet's residence to ask if you need an explanation for a particular verse.
Then, after the death of the Prophet Muhammad to the present effort to dig deeper into the verses of the Qur'an continues.
Approach (methodology) used also varied, ranging from analytical methods, thematic, to the comparison between the verses.
The resulting pattern is also varied, there is a commentary with the style-language literature, literary, cultural, philosophical, theological and even scientific style.
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